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\deflang1033\pard\li567\plain\f3\fs24\cf0\b l) History of Satellites\plain\f3\fs24\cf0 
\par A satellite is any object that orbits another object (which is known as its primary). All masses that are part of the solar system, including the Earth, are satellites either of the Sun\plain\lang1049\f2\fs24\cf0 ,\plain\f3\fs24\cf0  or satellites of those objects, such as the Moon. It is not always a simple matter to decide which is the 'satellite' in a pair of bodies. Because all objects exert gravity, the motion of the primary object is also affected by the satellite. If two objects are efficiently similar in mass, they are generally referred to as a binary system rather than a primary object and satellite. The general criterion for an object to be a satellite is that the center of mass of the two objects is inside the primary object. In popular usage, the term 'satellite' normally refers to an artificial satellite (a man-made object that orbits the Earth or another body).
\par In May\plain\lang1049\f2\fs24\cf0 ,\plain\f3\fs24\cf0  1946, the Preliminary Design of an Experimental World-Circling Spaceship stated. "A satellite vehicle with appropriate instrumentation can be expected to be one of the most potent scientific tools of the Twentieth Century. The achievement of a satellite craft would produce repercussions comparable to the explosion of the atomic bomb..."
\par The space age began in 1946, as scientists began using captured German V-2 rockets to make measurements in the upper atmosphere. Before this period, scientists used balloons that went up to 30 km and radio waves to study the ionosphere. From 1946 to 1952, upper-atmosphere research was conducted using V-2s and Aerobee rockets. This allowed measurements of atmospheric pressure, density and temperature up to 200 km. The U.S. had been considering launching orbital satellites since 1945 under the Bureau of Aeronautics of the United States Navy. The Air Force's Project RAND eventually released the above report, but did not believe that the satellite was a potential military weapon; rather they considered it to be a tool for science, politics, and propaganda. Following pressure by the American Rocket Society, the National Science Foundation, and the International Geophysical Year, military interest picked up and in early 1955 the Air Force and Navy were working on Project Orbiter, which involved using a Jupiter \plain\lang1049\f2\fs24\cf0 \'d1\plain\f3\fs24\cf0  rocket to launch a small satellite called Explorer 1 on January 31, 1958.
\par On July 29, 1955, the White House announced that the U.S. intended to launch satellites by the spring of 1958. This became known as Project Vanguard. On July 31, the Soviets announced that they intended to launch a satellite by the fall of 1957 and on October 4, 1957 Sputnik I was launched into orbit, which triggered the Space Race between the two nations.
\par The largest artificial satellite currently orbiting the earth is the International Space Station, which can sometimes be seen with the unaided human eye.
\par 
\par Types of satellites
\par \bullet  Astronomical satellites: These are satellites used for observation of distant planets, galaxies, and other outer space objects.
\par \bullet  Communications satellites: These are artificial satellites stationed in space for the purposes of telecommunications using radio at microwave frequencies. Most communications satellites use geosynchronous orbits or near-geostationary orbits, although some recent systems use low Earth-orbiting satellites.
\par \bullet   Earth observation satellites are satellites specifically designed to observe Earth-from orbit. similar to reconnaissance satellites but intended for non-military uses such as environmental monitoring, meteorology, map making etc. (See especially Earth Observing System.)
\par \pard\plain\f3\fs24\cf0 \bullet  Navigation satellites are satellites which use radio time signals transmitted to enable mobile receivers on the ground to determine their exact location. The relatively clear line of sight between the satellites and receivers on the ground, combined with ever-improving electronics.\plain\lang1049\f7\fs20\cf0 
\par }
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